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Assessing spatial trends and land use impacts on surface water quality: A case study of the Saigon and Vam Co Rivers in southern Vietnam
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This study evaluates the spatial distribution of heavy metals, water quality parameters, and ecological risks in the
Saigon and Vam Co Rivers, two hydrologically connected systems in southern Vietnam. Using a multi-index
assessment approach, incorporating the Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI), Water Pollution Index (WPI),
and Risk Quotient (RQ), we identify pollution hotspots, dominant contamination sources, and ecological threats
associated with urban-industrial discharges and agricultural runoff. Due to the release of untreated domestic and
industrial wastewater effluents, the Saigon River exhibits localized pollution peaks in its densely populated urban
section, where Cd, Zn, and Ni concentrations exceed WHO and Vietnamese water quality standards. In contrast,
the Vam Co River demonstrates a gradual downstream increase in contamination, driven by diffuse agricultural
inputs and aquaculture discharges, with elevated Zn, Cu, and Cd levels presenting significant ecological risks
(RQ > 1). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that natural vegetation is important in improving water
quality by pollutant buffering, while agriculture and urbanization tend to increase contamination loads. These
findings emphasize the necessity for integrated management strategies, including improved wastewater treatment, sustainable agricultural practices, and forest conservation to maintain river water quality. Future research
should incorporate seasonal variability to refine long-term water quality assessments and develop adaptive
mitigation strategies for urban-industrial and agricultural watersheds in tropical regions.
Tác giả
Le, Thi Minh Tam
[et al.]
Người hướng dẫn
Nơi xuất bản
Nhà xuất bản
Năm xuất bản
2025
ISSN tạp chí
Nhan đề tập
Từ khóa chủ đề
Environment
Bộ sưu tập
URI
Tài liệu tham khảo
Thông tin bản quyền
Tệp tin
Assessing spatial trends and land use impacts.pdf
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