Governance
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- Ấn phẩmInterrogating the production of urban space in China and Vietnam under market SocialismMcGee, Terry G.This paper explores two issues. First, it focuses on the question of what is the most appropriate theoretical framework for the study of the urbanisation process in China and Vietnam over the last 30 years? It is argued that Le Fefebvre’s theory of the ‘production of urban space’ offers the most useful approach because the political economy it adopts helps identify the major driving forces in the urbanisation process in these formerly socialist societies. The second issue involves the investigation of the differences and similarities in the urbanisation process in the two countries that are engaged in similar processes of structural economic transformation. The conclusion suggests that despite historical and cultural differences between Vietnam and China, the urbanisation process in both countries is exhibiting converging features as both countries are adopting a form of ‘hybrid urbanisation’ that involves a combination of socialist and market economies that does not involve an inevitable move to ‘capitalism’
- Ấn phẩmEthnic wage inequality in Vietnam: Empirical Evidence from 2002Hung, Pham Thai; Reilly, BarryPurpose – This paper complements earlier studies on ethnic minority underdevelopment in Vietnam by empirically examining the ethnic wage gap in the Vietnamese labour market, using data froma large-scale household surveyconducted in 2002. Methodology – The paper uses the ‘index number ’ decomposition method suggested by Oaxaca (1973) to decompose the ethnic wage gap into treatment and endowment effects at both the meanandat selected quantiles of the conditional wage distribution. Findings – The results confirm the existence of an ethnic wage gap in the labour market, through this gap is found to be substantially narrower than the ethnic gap observed using household living standard measures for Vietnam. Decomposition r esults reveal that the ethnic wage gap is largely attributable to differ entials in the r eturns to endowments, a finding invariant to whether the mean or selected quantiles of the conditional wage distribution is examined. Limitations – In the absence of superior alternatives, the paper uses an ad hoc procedur e to correct for selectivity into wage employment for the quantile r egr ession models. In addition, due to data constraints in r egard to earnings, the paper does not examine the ethnic wage gap for the self-employed. Originality – This paper is the first to analyse the ethnic wage gap in the Vietnam labour market and one of the few to examine ethnic pay differ entials at selected points of the conditional wage distribution using quantile regression analysis
- Ấn phẩmImpact of Public and Private Transfers on Poverty and Inequality : Evidence from VietnamVan den Berg, Marrit; Cuong, Nguyen VietThis article investigates the extent to which public and private transfers affected poverty and inequality in Vietnam in the mid-2000s. It finds that the impact of public transfers on poverty was negligible, due to the low coverage of the poor and the relatively small amounts transferred. Moreover, the effect of the receipt of transfers on expenditures was small: recipients decreased the labour supply and only a limited amount of the extra income went to current consumption. Domestic private transfers were somewhat more successful in reducing poverty. With most public and private transfers going to non-poor households, inequality was only marginally affected.
- Ấn phẩmPrivatisation as State Advance: Private Indirect Government in VietnamGainsborough, MartinThis paper considers th e significance of privatization f or the changing nature of state power through a case study of Vietnam. Based on in-depth interviews with eight stateowned enterprises firms which sold shares (known as equitisation in Vietnam), the paper argues that equitisation should be seen not as the retreat of the state but rather as a new form of state interventionism, or p rivate indirect government. I t is n ot simply because state officials are buying shares and hence lini ng their pockets that the papersays this. Rather, equitisation represents a new form of state interventionism because the people who are ostensibly letting go (i.e., authorising the sale of state assets) are doing so in such a way that they continue to exert a hold over the recipients. Central to this is the way in which the new owners of the enterprise assets are kept in a state of uncertainty as to what they can do with their assets, such t hat they have not choice but to continue to report to the state
- Ấn phẩmVietnam: Towards maintaining equilibrium with international competence in higher education and human resourcesReddy, Jayachandra G.In context of globalization, no country can transform and feel itself comfortable with many of economic issues. This is the predicament of developing countries, more so Vietnam, one of the emerging nations embarking ambitious national goals. Vietnam has no alternative but to become a part of the ongoing world transition and competitiveness for which it needs to lay foundation in terms of human resources (education), which play a significant role in protecting their nation’s identity at the global level. Unfortunately, the levels, structure and standards of education in Vietnam have become primary hurdles to overcome. Though, vigorous campaign and international collaboration have brought in certain changes in the primary and secondary levelsof education, these levels of education could not meet the international standards or its requirements of human resources. Thus, there is an imperative need to look into the higher education to promote competitive skilled human resources, initially, to serve the national interests and then to look into the international scenario. In fact, a new dimension of economy popularized as knowledge economy has also emerged, like industrial and agricultural economies. Gruesomely, the huge gap between demand and supply of skilled labour which is largely due to an antiquated educational system and the large quantities of foreign investments is the common scene in Vietnam. Such a ubiquitous demand for skilled labour can be met with only an advanced system of education that could offer new technologies, technical know-how and language skills, which are imperative for promoting new investment inflowsinto any country. This paper offers a deep insight into Vietnam’s educational adjustments in a transitional context. Much attention has been paid to the analysis of trends and patterns of education and the demand and supply of human resources in Vietnam. This paper also tries to put forth certainrecommendations on the key issues of internationalcompetence and cooperation in promoting higher education and enhancing skilled human resources at domestic level for global competence.
- Ấn phẩmRisk Preferences and Development Revisited: A FieldExperiment in Vietnam.Vieider, Ferdinand M.; Nghi, Truong; Martinsson, Peter; Nam, Pham KhanhWe obtain rich measures of risk preferences of poor farmers in Vietnam, and estimate structural models that capture risk preferences over different probability levels and across different domains (gains and losses). The results break radically with the previous literature on risk preferences, in developed and developing countries alike. Far from being particularly risk averse, ourVietnamese farmers are on average risk neutral. Atthe same time, we find our preference measures to perform well at predicting behavior, from the purchase of lottery tickets to risk management on the farm. We also find strongdirect evidence of a risk-income paradox. While risk aversion is strongly decreasing in income within our farmer subject population, our Vietnamese farmersare significantly less risk averse than subjects in Western countries according to measurements obtained using the same decision tasks and procedures.